Copeman's toaster turned the bread around without having to touch it. Before this, electric toasters cooked bread on one side, meaning the bread needed to be flipped by hand in order to cook both sides. In 1913, Lloyd Groff Copeman and his wife Hazel Berger Copeman applied for various toaster patents, and in that same year, the Copeman Electric Stove Company introduced a toaster with an automatic bread turner. "Bread-Toaster", patented 18 October 1921 by Charles Strite. Dual-side toasting and automated pop-up technologies The first commercially successful electric toaster was introduced by General Electric in 1909 for the GE model D-12.
One of the first applications that the Hoskins company had considered for its Chromel wire was for use in toasters, but the company eventually abandoned such efforts, to focus on making just the wire itself. The first US patent application for an electric toaster was filed by George Schneider of the American Electrical Heater Company of Detroit in collaboration with Marsh. The problem of the heating element was solved in 1905 by a young engineer named Albert Marsh, who designed an alloy of nickel and chromium, which came to be known as Nichrome. Meanwhile, electricity was not readily available, and when it was, it was usually only available at night. Early attempts at producing electrical appliances using iron wiring were unsuccessful, because the wiring was easily melted and a serious fire hazard. Cook & Company of the UK as a toasting appliance called the Eclipse. Macmasters' toaster was commercialized by the Crompton, Stephen J. However, the light bulb took advantage of the presence of a vacuum, something that couldn't be used for the toaster. A similar technical challenge had recently been surmounted with the invention of the first successful incandescent lightbulbs by Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison. The primary technical problem in toaster development at the turn of the 20th century was the development of a heating element which would be able to sustain repeated heating to red-hot temperatures without breaking or becoming too brittle. The first electric bread toaster was invented by Alan MacMasters in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1893. Utensils for toasting bread over open flames appeared in the early 19th century, including decorative implements made from wrought iron. General Electric Model D-12 toaster, from 1910sīefore the development of the electric toaster, sliced bread was toasted by placing it in a metal frame or on a long-handled toasting-fork and holding it near a fire or over a kitchen grill.
Provisions to allow the bread to be lifted higher than the normal raised position, so toast that has shifted during the toasting process can safely and easily be removed.Slots of various depth, length, and width to accommodate a variety of bread types.The ability to power the heat elements in only one of the toaster's several slots.One-sided toasting, which some people prefer when toasting bagels.īeyond the basic toasting function, some pop-up toasters offer additional features such as: A typical modern two-slice pop-up toaster can draw from 600 to 1200 watts. The marketing and price of toasters may not be an indication of quality for producing good toast. Pop-up toasters can have a range of appearances beyond just a square box, and may have an exterior finish of chrome, copper, brushed metal, or any color plastic. Toasters may also be used to toast other foods such as teacakes, toaster pastry, potato waffles and crumpets, though resultant accumulation of fat and sugar inside the toaster can contribute to its eventual failure.Īmong pop-up toasters, those toasting two slices of bread are more purchased than those which can toast four. The completion of toasting may be determined by timer or by a thermal sensor, such as a bimetallic strip, located close to the toast.
SUNBEAM RADIANT CONTROL TOASTER SERIES
The length of the toasting cycle (and therefore the degree of toasting) is adjustable via a lever, knob, or series of pushbuttons, and when an internal device determines that the toasting cycle is complete, the toaster turns off and the toast pops up out of the slots. A lever on the side of the toaster is pressed down, lowering the bread into the toaster and activating the heating elements. In pop-up or automatic toasters, a single vertical piece of bread is dropped into a slot on the top of the toaster. Glowing filaments of a modern 2-slice toaster
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